Archive for the ‘Funeral Basics’ Category

Funeral Director, Mortician and Undertaker: Any Difference?

Tuesday, September 22nd, 2009

The Undertaker was borrowed from European tradition.

The Undertaker was borrowed from European tradition.

Unless you work for a funeral home, or unless you have an obsession about death and dying practices, you may wonder if there is a difference between a funeral director and a mortician or a mortician and an undertaker. For all intents and purposes today, there is no difference – especially if the funeral home is a small family operation. But, in larger funeral home operations, you might see a slight difference in what each job traditionally entails.

The “Undertaker” is a traditional European term that described the person who would transport the body, prepare it for burial and interact with the survivors on funeral preparations. When the colonies were formed in the New World and burial services were needed, often church and family members would take over the job of the undertaker. During the Civil War, when embalming practices became popular among the growing funeral profession, the title of the person handling the affairs became the “Mortician” over the last decades of the nineteenth century:

“The word ‘mortician’ is a recent innovation due to a need felt by undertakers for a word more in keeping with, and descriptive of, their calling.” ["Literary Digest," Jan. 16, 1915]

A mortician often carried out all the duties of the undertaker as the body was transported and prepared for burial. As the funeral profession grew with the U.S. population over the following century, the term, “Funeral Director” became popular. The funeral director, however, often dealt directly with the family as they developed burial plans. The mortician, on the other hand, handled the body of the deceased and prepared that body for the funeral.

Today, a funeral director may deal with families, take care of the body with an assistant’s help and handle the business as well. Or, the funeral director may operate from an office in another location as managers and morticians work in various funeral homes operated from the home office. But, in most cases, each funeral home has a funeral director who interacts directly with the bereaved family.

So, to answer the question about which term is correct to use today, in most cases, you would use the term, “funeral director” – at least for the person who deals directory with the family.

Funeral Home Options

Thursday, September 3rd, 2009
A floral tribute to a mother in Great Britain, a reminder that funerals often are for the survivors.

A floral tribute to a mother in Great Britain, a reminder that funerals often are for the survivors.

Have you thought about how your body might be handled after you die? If so, you may have considered creating options for your burial now, even when young. But, the thought of walking into a funeral home to discuss those options might keep you from making those decisions.

That’s why we prepared the following list of items that a funeral home might offer. You can use this list to make decisions about what you want for your burial. Additionally, you can use this list when you call funeral homes to discuss their options and costs. This is true pre-planning, and it doesn’t cost anything to make those decisions now. However, you may want to create an account that is earmarked for your burial so loved ones don’t need to fret about the costs to fulfill your wishes.

The funeral home’s list may or may not include all the items listed below. And, your choice for #1 can help you to make decisions about all the other items in the list. Funeral homes are required by law to be transparent in their current prices. They also must agree to your decision to use other options when available, such as other caskets than those that are in the funeral home showroom and more. If you want a green burial, you may need to conduct more research to find a funeral home and cemetery that will fulfill your wishes.

  • Options for burial include traditional burial, cremation or gifting your body to science.
  • Transporting the body to funeral home
  • Emblaming and other body preparations. Learn about the laws in your state, and plan for options such as a death away from home where your body may need to be transported. In many cases, transportation of a body over state lines requires embalming.
  • Flowers? Or, other options for survivors to honor your life and death?
  • Traditional burial options, such as a vault, casket, headstone, etc.
  • Transportation of the body to cemetery, and other transportation possibly required for a funeral procession.
  • Plans for costs of wake, viewing, etc.
  • Printed items such as memorial cards, guest book and funeral programs.
  • Tents and chairs for viewing and/or burial service at graveside.
  • Copies of death certificate.
  • Assistance in notifying insurance companies and newspapers regarding your death. The option may include notifying organizations in which you are a member.

The funeral home may also ask the following questions:

  • Do you want an open or closed casket if you choose traditional burial?
  • Do you want an indoor memorial service or a graveside service or both?
  • Do you want an elaborate or simple service?
  • Who conducts the service – do you prefer a family member, a religious leader or a funeral home?
  • Who will speak at the service?
  • Do you want music? If so, what plans do you have for the “playlist”?
  • Do you want a reception or wake before or after the service or both or none at all? If so, where?

You also can join or talk with a memorial society to learn about all your options before you make decisions. While you may want to keep the funeral inexpensive, you also can be creative about your plans. After all, the funeral is for the living, and it can be the last gift you provide to your loved ones.

Understanding the Modern Christian Funeral

Sunday, August 30th, 2009
Christians lean on the Bible for solace and lessons in life and in death.

Christians lean on the Bible for solace and lessons in life and in death.

If you were asked to attend a Christian funeral, what can you expect? Without going into the history of Christianity, a few notes about Christian funerals can provide basics for those who are not Christians. Even if you are Christian, you may be a Catholic and the deceased may have been a Baptist. You may realize, in this latter case, that the Christian burial for the deceased may be a new experience for you.

At the very base, all Christians believe in life after death, and they direct their lives to achieve eternal life in heaven. They believe that Jesus was the Son of God and that he came to earth to teach individuals through lessons and actions. These lessons, which are contained in the Christian Bible, also teach that a true believer in Jesus and the Christian faith will be forgiven for sins as a result of Jesus’ sacrifice and gain eternal life in Heaven.

Ideally, this lesson is the base for the Christian lifestyle, but it serves as the base for the Christian funeral as well. With that said, Christianity has splintered into many different religions and each one holds close its own interpretation of the Bible. While some religions may be more ritualistic, others may be more casual and others still may resemble each other in all but small details.

No matter the pattern of worship, the funeral service typically shares the same format and serve the same purpose across the board – to to pray for the soul of the deceased and to offer comfort and support to the bereaved.

For those who are not familiar with the Christian funeral, you can expect:

  • The service to be opened by a prayer or a statement made by a religious leader such as a priest or a minister, a pastor or preacher. This leader, in most cases, will set the tone of the funeral service by praying for the deceased, asking for prayers for the deceased and showing comfort for the family of the deceased.
  • Funeral guests are encouraged to join in with prayers, singing and may provide readings throughout the funeral service. Don’t worry if you don’t know the prayer or the song or reading. In many cases, the words are available in a hymnal, a prayer book or – in some larger churches – in a slide shown on a screen. Although words may be available, you do not need to participate. But, if the congregation is asked to stand or kneel for certain portions of the service, you might honor the deceased by following along.
  • Depending upon the religion, scriptures might be read by the religious leader or by a guest or family member. These readings often vary by religion.
  • Depending upon the religion, friends or family members may honor the deceased with a eulogy, a song or a poem.
  • The service usually ends with a prayer offered by the religious leader, who usually states that the service is over. Unless the service is a memorial service – where the body of the deceased is not present – or a service that does not include a burial (such as a service for a person who has donated a body to science), the religious leader may lead funeral guests to the graveyard.
  • Many times, religious funeral services are not held in the church or even in a funeral home. Some religious services may be held at the graveside. In this case, you still may expect basically the same format as listed above.

In most cases, the Christian funeral is somber, despite the joy that many Christians profess at the possibility of attaining eternal life. Dark-colored clothing is appropriate, and cell phones and recording devices normally are frowned upon. Beyond this, if you are asked to attend a ‘get-together’ or post-funeral wake, all bets are off. Even Christians who attend a wake after the funeral often do not know what to expect, as these gatherings usually are shaped by religion, by cultural preferences, by the manner of death and age of the deceased and by the mood and traditions set by the surviving family.

The Open Casket Photograph

Sunday, August 23rd, 2009
Open casket photos remain popular in parts of the U.S.

Open casket photos remain popular in parts of the U.S.

In Victorian times after photography was invented and before it became common for anyone to own a camera, a photograph of a corpse was a common occurrence. Even today, at some funeral homes, it isn’t uncommon for the family members to photograph Uncle Joe or Aunt Margaret as they lay in repose upon white silk. But, the practice is far less common now then it was in the early twentieth century, simply because it seems everyone today owns a camera.

You often can find open-casket photographs at auctions or even on eBay. These photographs were not Photoshop products, as that software did not exist. Old tintypes of dead babies sitting on their mother’s lap were favorites, especially if that mother never had a photograph taken of the baby while he or she was alive.

This was the reason behind the open-casket corpse photograph – photographs of family members often were rare treats in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and if family members traveled a distance to view the deceased and to see family members for the first time in a long time, the casket photo might prove to be the only photo that some family members had of a person. There have been stories about families that took the deceased from the casket so the corpse could sit with family members in a group photograph.

The ’strangeness’ of a casket photo has increased with the proliferation of cameras and, especially, with digital cameras. However, digital cameras often provide the viewer at a wake with an opportunity to capture a photograph of the deceased with very little notice from other mourners. In other cases, such as a recent funeral near Appomattox, Virginia, little was thought about a cousin who snapped photos of the deceased and mourners so distant relatives could share in the death rituals.

With that said, in many cases, photographing the deceased in the casket often is frowned upon today, and this practice often is seen as macabre. If you never have seen an open-casket photo, you can find one at Dr. Fong’s House of Mystery Web site (a situation that may provide a clue as to how some people now feel about this historic practice).

Who is Eligible for Burial in a National Cemetery?

Saturday, July 4th, 2009
Fort Logan National Cemetery

Fort Logan National Cemetery

Veterans often become confused about burial in this nation’s national cemeteries, when funeral homes and the Veterans Administration (VA) want to offer a less expensive and respectable way to honor America’s military men and women. Funeral homes often are involved in the arrangements, as the VA does not get involved in making funeral arrangements or in performing cremations.

While the benefits do not cover all costs, they can help make the funeral service more affordable. Additionally, no special forms are required to request burial in a VA national cemetery. The person who makes the funeral arrangements can have his or her funeral home contact the national cemetery in which burial is desired. Scheduling is done seven days a week for interments on Mondays through Fridays.

Much confusion remains about who can be buried at national cemeteries, however. The VA Web site offers this information in detail, and the list of the eligible persons is included below, followed by a list of those individuals who cannot be buried in a national cemetery:

Eligible

  • Veterans and Members of the Armed Forces, including Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps and Coast Guard.
  • Member of Reserve Components and Reserve Officers’ Training Corps
  • Commissioned Officers, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
  • Public Health Service (Regular or Reserve Corps of the Public Health Service)
  • World War II Merchant Mariners
  • The Philippine Armed Forces
  • Spouses and Dependents
  • Others include “Such other persons or classes of persons as designated by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs (38 U.S.C. § 2402(6)) or the Secretary of Defense (Public Law 95-202, § 401, and 38 CFR § 3.7(x)).”

Ineligible

  • Former Spouses
  • Other Family Members (such as sisters, brothers, etc.)
  • Disqualifying Characters of Discharge
  • Discharge from Draft
  • Person Found Guilty of a Capital Crime
  • Any person convicted of subversive activities after September 1, 1959. Eligibility will be reinstated if the President of the United States grants a pardon.
  • Active or Inactive Duty for Training
  • “Members of groups whose service has been determined by the Secretary of the Air Force under the provisions of Public Law 95-202 as not warranting entitlement to benefits administered by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs.”

The Funeral Wake

Sunday, May 31st, 2009

Also known as “visitation,” “calling hours” and “waking the dead,” the funeral wake is a way to pay respect to the deceased. In the past, the wake was part social and partly practical, as – before funeral parlors and homes were created – the funeral often took place in the home of the deceased. Embalming often was not practiced, so someone needed to sit with the body to keep the bugs, flies, rats, dogs, cats and other curious and carnivorous animals – such as body snatchers – away from the corpse.

In addition, before embalming, there was a real fear that a person might be buried alive. A wake allowed that time before burial to make sure the corpse was, indeed, a corpse.

At this point, the history of the wake varies depending upon cultural and ethnic rituals and religion. Often, the history of the wake is tied to the Irish, where food and spirits and wailing, or keening, and long hours of visitation marked a friend’s passing. Today, however, many wakes are solemn affairs that are held at funeral homes and that include visiting the family and viewing the body before the funeral. Many times, however, family members or friends will hold a separate wake without the body at a private home or even at a bar or restaurant to celebrate the life of the deceased after the funeral.

Here are some tips about holding or attending a wake, or visitation:

  • Be sure to announce visitation hours and place of visitation in the obituary for the deceased. This way, you don’t have to worry about special invitations.
  • However, you may want to make sure that everyone close to the family has been notified about the death and visitation in person (by phone if at all possible to make the notice more personal).
  • Open caskets at a visition mean that the viewers are to pay respects. If, however, you feel you cannot view the body, then you can spare the family even more grief by abstaining. Do, however, pay respects to the family members who remain living.
  • You may find a guest book at a visitation. Sign your full name and address so family members can send a note of appreciation if they choose.
  • Although children often are asked to funerals (via “the family”), sometimes children may add more confusion and fear to the whole affair unless they’ve been accustomed to death in the family. A conversation with young children might be more appropriate than actually having them attend the funeral. Teens, however, should be permitted and encouraged to attend as part of family ritual.
  • If you plan to attend a wake in a private home or other public place, the point is to celebrate the life of the deceased and life in general, not to get so drunk to forget why you’re there in the first place. If you plan to drink heavily, please take a taxi or ask for a designated driver before attending. Leave the car keys at home. The last thing anyone needs after a wake is to plan for your wake.

Burial Vault Basics

Wednesday, May 20th, 2009

If you’ve read articles about green funerals, you might wonder why a vault is needed for a casket. Many cemeteries in the U.S. and in Canada require the casket to be enclosed in a burial vault or vault with grave liner. Then again, many cemeteries do not require them, so it’s up to you to shop around.

Vaults usually consist of a lined and sealed concrete unit specifically engineered to support the weight of the earth above as well as any heavy equipment – like mowers – that pass over it. They also keep a grave from sinking from the weight of earth, machinery and even from the weight of tombstones, as shown here.

Usually, most caskets cannot bear the weight of earth and equipment. The concrete vault, which is reinforced, is designed to support this weight and more. Concrete usually becomes stronger with age as it continues to cure within the ground. Water-resistant, lined burial vaults are made to withstand impact and moisture. While caskets settle in the ground over time, the burial vault is designed to hold that casket in place without shifting and without damage to the casket.

Burial vaults vary in price, function and the material from which they are made. For instance, a grave box is the most basic burial vault. These also are made from concrete, they are unlined, and they have holes in the bottom to allow water to flow through freely. The most expensive burial vault is the lined burial vault, which offers the greatest protection for the casket.

If you choose cremation, urn vaults are available. Once again, the most protection from heavy machinery and moisture would be the lined and reinforced urn vault. Urn vaults usually are reinforced with durable plastic or with a combination or plastic and metal.

Finally, you also can order a plastic burial vault that is non-biodegradable with a 100-year warranty. This vault, made by Polyguard and Co. is “environmentally safe, non-pourous and water resistant” with long-term protection. These vaults can be personalized with photographs and artwork. According to the site, the plastic can be less expensive than concrete. Known as “Thermoplastic Graveliners,” the U.S. Veterans Administration has been purchasing these liners for years.

Burial vaults can vary wildly in price, from as little as $200 to upwards of $10,000. The purchase that most practically fills this need is a concrete grave liner that need not cost any more than $400 (although a basic plastic vault also may cost that little as well). While a few states require burial vaults, sometimes the funeral home may neglect to tell you that you may not need a burial vault or grave liner. In all cases, you can shop around for a cemetery that doesn’t require them if this is not your idea of eternal bliss.

How to Manage Sympathy Flowers

Monday, January 19th, 2009

Lily

Sending sympathy flowers is one way to express your condolences to a grieving family. And, receiving flowers often is a heartwarming gift. But with the rising costs of flowers and shipping, are flowers the best way to express your feelings?

This article might answer your question as you look at both sides of the picture – how to manage sympathy flowers from the sender’s and the receiver’s perspectives.

Sender

When a friend or relative dies, sometimes the first urge is to send funeral or sympathy flowers so you can show you care. Those flowers, then, become your representative. But, before you order anything, think about the following issues:

  1. Which flowers are best? The color is important, as trends come and go. White flowers such as lilies or roses seem to never go out of style. But, you might check with the florist first, as they usually know which flowers are in style for funerals. A second way to ensure that you’re sending the appropriate colors is to contact the funeral home. Sometimes a themed funeral has been planned, and the family may have requested a certain color.
  2. How big should you go? This question can be answered by your budget, but it also is answered by your connection with the bereaved family. If you’re a friend to the deceased and you shared an office space, then send a small arrangement. If you’re a distant relative, be careful. You don’t want to send an arrangement that’s larger or more elaborate than anything ordered by the immediate family or smaller than one sent by a friend. Although this advice may sound ludicrous, many families still follow convention of hierarchy – even with funeral flowers. Check with a florist in the town where the funeral is held – that florist may have answers for your questions.
  3. Guidelines: If you’re unsure what to send, you have a few options that will narrow down your choices: 1) Wreath - the circle represents eternity, and this is an appropriate floral arrangement for anyone to send. Smaller wreaths are more appropriate for friends; 2) Spray - Sprays often are placed on easels. They are more appropriate for family members to send; 3) Floral arrangement - this is a mix of fresh flowers displayed in a vase or other container. This is the best option when in doubt; 4) Casket Spray – this arrangement is designed for the top of the casket. Leave this arrangement to the immediate family to choose.
  4. Family doesn’t want flowers: Don’t override a family’s request, especially during a time of grief. If they request funds to be sent to a nonprofit organization instead of flowers, then take the money you were going to spend on flowers and sent it to that organization. You can send a card to the family and mention that you sent money, but don’t mention the amount. This isn’t about you, after all. But, beware – sometimes that organization will send a list of givers and the amounts they sent to the family of the deceased, so don’t be stingy.
  5. What other options do you have? A sympathy gift basket is a great alternative to flowers. You can include photos of the deceased if you have them, chocolates and a number of other items that are more personal. This gift is more for the living than a memorial for the dead and much more useful in many cases.
  6. Send a plant or flower later: The time that is most difficult for those closest to the deceased is after the funeral, when everyone leaves. This may be the most appropriate time to send a living gift, such as a plant. The reciever might be more grateful for this gift at that time than during the funeral.

Receiver

It is difficult to think about the small issues such as flowers when you have other major decisions to consider after a loved one dies. But, when a friend or relative thinks enough of you and the deceased to send a funeral floral arrangement, you might respond appropriately at an easier time. Here are some other tips:

  1. How to display sympathy flowers: When someone close to you dies, it may seem that all the flowers you receive look the same. But, if you want to show that these floral tributes are appreciated, be sure to display the arrangements. You can use them at the funeral home, in your home or at the grave site, depending upon the funeral arrangements.
  2. What to do with too many flowers: If you didn’t request donations to a charity instead of flowers, you can expect too many flowers. If you end up with too many floral arrangements, send some home with relatives or friends, or take them to a rest home or hospital as soon as possible after the funeral.
  3. Don’t be critical: Many people don’t understand funeral etiquette, and that etiquette is changing. If your neighbor sends a huge and colorful horseshoe arrangement, accept it and leave it at that. Remember that it is the thought that counts. Also, if someone doesn’t send flowers, don’t discount their feelings or intentions. They may be planning other arrangements for you later.
  4. Keep track of floral arrangements: It’s easy to mix up the givers when so many floral arrangements arrive at one time. To ensure that you thank everyone, take the card or tag that arrives with the sender’s name and make a note about the arrangement on that card. Put all the cards into an envelope that you can save for later. If possible, assign the task of looking for mailing addresses so you don’t need to deal with that issue.
  5. Acknowledge the flowers: No matter how innapropriate or insignificant, the point is the sender meant to express his or her feelings about your loss. In some cases, you may see those flowers from a different perspective after the funeral. When you feel up to the task, pull out that envelope filled with gift cards and write thank-you notes for the flowers. Two to three sentences on a simple thank-you card are appropriate for this task. Your friends and relatives will be grateful that you acknowledged them.

What is an Autopsy?

Wednesday, December 3rd, 2008

AutopsyThe word, “autopsy,” is derived from a Greek word autopsia meaning ’see for yourself.’ In most cases, however, a specially-trained physician or pathologist conducts the viewing. The objective behind an autopsy, also known as a postmortem examination, necropsy, or obduction, is to examine a corpse to determine a cause of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that was present at the time of death.

Even if an autopsy isn’t required by law, families may be grateful for the many advantages that an autopsy can provide. Through an autopsy, a family can learn about diseases or ailments that were or weren’t apparent during a deceased individual’s lifetime.  This information can help the family discover any genetic diseases that may shorten another family member’s life. The thorough examination of body tissues after death also can provide the medical community with information about various diseases, even if they weren’t the cause of death.

According to MidWest Autopsy, at least a fifth of autopsies reveal a cause of death other than was was believed clinically. In “routine natural deaths” in England, 34 percent of original causes of death were proven wrong with the procedure. Additionally, more than a quarter of autopsies may reveal a major surprise other than the cause of death. But, the type of autopsy performed can reveal different results.

There are three types of autopsies:

  1. Complete – in which all body cavities are examined (including the head )
  2. Limited – which may exclude the head
  3. Selective- where specific organs only are examined.

Autopsies will usually include testing for any infections (microbiology), changes in body tissue and organs (anatomical histology), and chemicals – which can include medication, drugs or poisons (toxicology and pharmacology). In certain circumstances an autopsy might not be carried out if the coroner and a forensic pathologist can decide the cause of death from medical history and a police report.

During an autopsy, the medical examiners will need or will discover the following information:

  • The identity of the deceased person.
  • When that person died, the nature and extent of any disease they currently suffer from or have suffered in the past.
  • The nature and extent of any injury they are suffering from or have suffered in the past.
  • The cause of death.
  • The circumstances that surrounded that death.

Forensic autopsies are autopsies with legal implications and are performed to determine if death was an accident, homicide, suicide, or a natural event. Often, when the cause of death is suspicious, unknown, or a result of a criminal investigation, an autopsy may be required. Otherwise, it is up to the family to request an autopsy.

When an individual has requested a full body donation, the family must act quickly to request an autopsy if that procedure is desired. However, since the body may be examined by a team of doctors, the family may consider this donation as part of the process of learning more about the deceased. In this case, the individual who wishes to donate his or her body to science may request that a report be sent to the family after research has been conducted.